¹⁴For recent critique of Cassell’s approach, see Bueno-Gómez (2017) who criticizes Cassell’s definition precisely on the ground that “intactness” is not well-defined and may not exist; another point of critique is that Cassell’s definition ignores existential suffering. Further criticism is given by Tate and Pearlman (2019) who propose to define suffering as “a loss of a person’s sense of self” together with “a negative affective experience”.