¹⁷(Bar, 2004). Even the perception of pain is modulated by context and history (Tabor et al., 2017); see also Chapter 6 and its footnote 19. Perception can also be modulated by metabolic states, such as hunger (Livneh et al., 2017). There are also claims that desire and aversion (motivational states) could directly influence perception (Balcetis and Dunning, 2006), but such phenomena are controversial (Firestone and Scholl, 2014).