²⁶Early Buddhist philosophy is actually often interpreted as deterministic, based on the Buddha’s emphasis on causal chains (e.g. Samyutta Nikaya 12.12; see also  🡭 below), but he also admitted the existence of “an element or principle of initiating an action” (Anguttara Nikaya 6.38), which sounds a bit like free will. See also Federman (2010).