¹³Here, I’m assuming a kind of complete symmetry between desire and aversion: they produce suffering by the same mechanism captured by the frustration equation. That is, aversion is just the same as desire, the main difference simply being that the expected reward is negative, while the obtained reward could be even more negative. It could be argued that this is not the case because aversion in itself produces suffering independently of any frustration. If I feel disgust or fear, surely I am suffering from those emotions alone. I have actually argued earlier that interrupts create suffering in themselves because they use the pain signalling pathway to grab attention (see  🡭). However, I have also argued that desire in itself creates suffering, just like those negative emotions (see  🡭), so this may not break the symmetry between (positive) desire and aversion. This is a complex question that I leave for future research.